COVID-19 Risk Factors
literature database & meta-analysis

Last update : 2021-08-05 08:37:15 (GMT+2)   |  276 factors investigated   |  1766 estimates included  |  219 articles processed  |  QC progress: 50%

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Green: significant protective factor
Red: significant risk factor
§ adjusted estimate (see article details)
† estimated using data reported in the article
Outcome Risk category Risk [exposed vs. unexposed] Risk estimate (95% CI) Author [URL] View QC
COVID-19 (death) Patient characteristics Age [>=65 years vs. <65 years] Hazard ratio: 6.170 (3.260-11.670) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Patient characteristics Gender [Male vs. Female] Hazard ratio: 0.560 (0.300-1.050) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Symptoms Body temperature [Highest temperature >=39 ?C vs. Highest temperature <39 ?C] Hazard ratio: 0.410 (0.210-0.820) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Comorbidities Hypertension [Present vs. Not present] Hazard ratio: 1.700 (0.920-3.140) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Comorbidities Diabetes [Present vs. Not present] Hazard ratio: 1.580 (0.800-3.130) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Neutrophils [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.080 (1.010-1.170) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Lymphocytes [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 0.510 (0.220-1.170) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings CD3 [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 0.810 (0.590-1.110) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings CD4 [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 0.830 (0.510-1.350) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings CD8 [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 0.510 (0.240-1.090) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Total bilirubin [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.070 (1.020-1.120) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings AST [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 0.990 (0.980-1.010) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings ALT [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.000 (0.980-1.010) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Albumin [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 0.190 (0.070-0.490) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Globulin [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.910 (1.010-3.610) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Prealbumin [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.000 (0.990-1.001) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Urea [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.130 (1.060-1.200) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Creatinine [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.040 (0.970-1.110) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Glucose [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.000 (0.920-1.080) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings CK-MB [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 0.990 (0.970-1.010) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Cholinesterase [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 0.840 (0.730-0.970) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Cystatin [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.800 (1.280-2.530) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings LDH [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.300 (1.110-1.520) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings a-HBDH [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.340 (1.130-1.600) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings LDL [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 0.840 (0.540-1.310) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings IL-6 [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.030 (1.010-1.050) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings ESR [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.010 (0.990-1.020) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Serum ferritin [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 5.280 (0.720-38.480) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings PT [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.080 (0.840-1.380) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings APTT [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 0.960 (0.910-1.000) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings D-dimer [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.020 (1.010-1.040) Wu
COVID-19 (death) Treatment Treatment for COVID-19 [Methylprednisolone administred vs. Not received] Hazard ratio: 1.020 (0.200-0.720) Wu
COVID-19 (severe/fatal) Comorbidities Hypertension [Present vs. Not present] Hazard ratio: 1.820 (1.130-2.950) Wu
COVID-19 (severe/fatal) Symptoms Body temperature [Highest temperature <39 ?C vs. Highest temperature >=39 ?C] Hazard ratio: 1.770 (1.110-2.840) Wu
COVID-19 (severe/fatal) Patient characteristics Gender [Male vs. Female] Hazard ratio: 1.470 (0.920-2.360) Wu
COVID-19 (severe/fatal) Patient characteristics Age [>=65 years vs. <65 years] Hazard ratio: 3.260 (2.080-5.110) Wu
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Patient characteristics Age [>=65 years vs. <65 years] Odds ratio: 81.200 (1.100-999.990) § Wu
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Laboratory Findings CRP [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Odds ratio: 10.530 (1.220-34.700) § Liu
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Laboratory Findings Creatinine [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Odds ratio: 0.710 (0.020-1.350) § Liu
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Laboratory Findings Albumin [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Odds ratio: 7.350 (1.100-50.000) § Liu
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Symptoms Respiratory failure [Present at admission vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 8.770 (1.940-40.000) §† Liu
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Symptoms Body temperature [Fever present vs. <37.3 ?C at admission] Odds ratio: 9.000 (1.040-78.150) § Liu
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Patient characteristics Smoking [History of smoking vs. No history of smoking] Odds ratio: 14.290 (1.580-25.000) §† Liu
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Patient characteristics Age [>60 years vs. <=60 years] Odds ratio: 8.550 (1.630-44.860) § Liu
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings D-dimer [Abnormal at admission vs. Normal] Odds ratio: 18.420 (2.640-128.550) §† Zhou
COVID-19 (death) Complications Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score [1 unit increase vs. SOFA score: 0] Odds ratio: 5.650 (2.610-12.230) § Zhou
COVID-19 (death) Comorbidities Coronary heart disease [Present vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 2.140 (0.260-17.790) §† Zhou
COVID-19 (death) Patient characteristics Age [1 year increase vs. Not applicable] Odds ratio: 1.100 (1.030-1.170) § Zhou
COVID-19 (death) Patient characteristics ABO blood group [0 blood group vs. Persons with other than 0 blood group] Odds ratio: 0.660 (0.480-0.910) §† Zhao
COVID-19 (death) Patient characteristics ABO blood group [A blood group vs. Persons with other than A blood group] Odds ratio: 1.480 (1.110-1.970) §† Zhao
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