COVID-19 Risk Factors
literature database & meta-analysis

Last update : 2021-08-05 08:37:15 (GMT+2)   |  276 factors investigated   |  1766 estimates included  |  219 articles processed  |  QC progress: 50%

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Green: significant protective factor
Red: significant risk factor
§ adjusted estimate (see article details)
estimated using data reported in the article
Outcome Risk category Risk [exposed vs. unexposed] Risk estimate (95% CI) Author [URL] View QC
COVID-19 in children (severe/critical) Symptoms Symptomatic SARS COV-2 infection [Present vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 3.190 (1.950-5.210) Lu
COVID-19 in children (any condition) Findings Chest radiologic findings [Pneumonia vs. Normal] Odds ratio: 8.450 (2.690-26.610) § Lu
COVID-19 in children (any condition) Laboratory Findings hs-CRP [Abnormal vs. Normal] Odds ratio: 4.890 (1.100-21.750) § Lu
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Other Childhood BCG vaccination [Present vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 0.966 (0.060-15.462) Hamiel
COVID-19 in children (any condition) Patient characteristics Age [<6 years vs. >=6 years] Odds ratio: 8.940 (2.550-31.350) § Lu
SARS COV-2 infection Other Childhood BCG vaccination [Present vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 1.219 (1.025-1.450) Hamiel
COVID-19 (death) Comorbidities Heart disease [Present vs. Not present] Relative risk: 2.350 (1.080-5.090) Inciardi
COVID-19 (severe/fatal) Treatment Treatment for COVID-19 [Treated with hydroxychloroquine vs. Not received] Hazard ratio: 0.970 (0.740-1.280) § Geleris
COVID-19 (severe/fatal) Treatment Treatment for COVID-19 [Treated with hydroxychloroquine vs. Not received] Hazard ratio: 1.000 (0.760-1.320) § Geleris
COVID-19 (severe/fatal) Treatment Treatment for COVID-19 [Treated with hydroxychloroquine vs. Not received] Hazard ratio: 2.370 (1.840-3.020) Geleris
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Laboratory Findings WBC [1 unit increase vs. Not applicable] Odds ratio: 0.972 (0.807-1.170) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Laboratory Findings NLR [1 unit increase vs. Not applicable] Odds ratio: 1.182 (1.051-1.329) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Symptoms Body temperature [Fever present vs. Normal] Odds ratio: 5.084 (2.071-12.482) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Symptoms Sputum production [Present vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 2.131 (0.950-4.782) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Comorbidities Coronary heart disease [Present vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 5.106 (1.369-19.046) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Comorbidities Diabetes [Present vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 2.261 (0.886-5.769) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Patient characteristics Age [1 year increase vs. Not applicable] Odds ratio: 1.020 (0.995-1.046) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Patient characteristics Gender [Male vs. Female] Odds ratio: 1.768 (0.802-3.899) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Status Time from symptom onset to hospital admission [1 day increase vs. Not applicable] Odds ratio: 1.075 (0.999-1.157) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Symptoms Body temperature [Fever present vs. Normal] Odds ratio: 5.675 (2.341-13.757) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Symptoms Sputum production [Present vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 2.456 (1.113-5.421) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Comorbidities Cancer [Present vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 3.500 (0.659-18.593) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Comorbidities COPD [Present vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 1.786 (0.343-9.302) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Comorbidities Cerebrovascular disease [Present vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 1.576 (0.305-8.134) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Comorbidities Coronary heart disease [Present vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 4.069 (1.068-15.497) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Comorbidities Diabetes [Present vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 2.539 (1.014-6.356) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Comorbidities Hypertension [Present vs. Not present] Odds ratio: 1.617 (0.676-3.867) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Patient characteristics Age [1 year increase vs. Not applicable] Odds ratio: 1.018 (0.992-1.044) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Patient characteristics Gender [Male vs. Female] Odds ratio: 2.026 (0.906-4.529) § Huang
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Laboratory Findings Platelet count [Abnormal vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 4.047 (1.313-12.472) § Bi
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Laboratory Findings Fibrinogen-to-Albumin Ratio [Abnormal vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 4.058 (1.246-13.222) § Bi
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Laboratory Findings Fibrinogen [Abnormal vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.154 (0.339-3.927) § Bi
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Laboratory Findings Prothrombin time [Abnormal vs. Normal] Hazard ratio: 1.388 (0.373-5.168) § Bi
COVID-19 (severe/critical) Patient characteristics Age [>50 years vs. <=50 years] Hazard ratio: 1.299 (0.492-3.428) § Bi
COVID-19 (death) Status Time from symptom onset to laboratory confirmation [unknown outcome vs. <=6 days] Odds ratio: 1.410 (0.440-4.550) § Deng
COVID-19 (death) Status Time from symptom onset to laboratory confirmation [>6 days vs. <=6 days] Odds ratio: 1.410 (0.420-4.740) § Deng
COVID-19 (death) Status Time from symptom onset to hospital admission [Unknown vs. <=3 days] Odds ratio: 0.550 (0.180-1.690) § Deng
COVID-19 (death) Status Time from symptom onset to hospital admission [>3 days vs. <=3 days] Odds ratio: 0.650 (0.200-2.110) § Deng
COVID-19 (death) Status Time from symptom onset to first healthcare consultation [Unknown vs. <=2 days] Odds ratio: 0.400 (0.140-1.140) § Deng
COVID-19 (death) Status Time from symptom onset to first healthcare consultation [>2 days vs. <=2 days] Odds ratio: 1.110 (0.330-3.710) § Deng
COVID-19 (death) Other Economic regions [China west and northeast region vs. China east region] Odds ratio: 3.930 (1.740-8.850) § Deng
COVID-19 (death) Other Economic regions [China central region vs. China east region] Odds ratio: 3.450 (1.320-9.030) § Deng
COVID-19 (death) Patient characteristics Gender [Male vs. Female] Odds ratio: 2.020 (1.020-4.030) § Deng
COVID-19 (death) Patient characteristics Age [1 year increase vs. Not applicable] Odds ratio: 1.180 (1.140-1.220) § Deng
COVID-19 (death) Patient characteristics Gender [Male vs. Female] Relative risk: 1.290 (1.060-1.570) § Yang
COVID-19 (death) Patient characteristics Age [1 year increase vs. Not applicable] Relative risk: 1.030 (1.020-1.040) § Yang
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Nadir platelet count [Abnormal (<50) vs. Normal (>=150)] Relative risk: 13.680 (9.890-18.920) § Yang
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Nadire platelet count [Abnornal (50-100) vs. Normal (>=150)] Relative risk: 9.990 (7.160-13.940) § Yang
COVID-19 (death) Laboratory Findings Nadir platelet count [Abndormal (100-150) vs. Normal (>=150)] Relative risk: 3.420 (2.360-4.960) Yang
COVID-19 (severe/fatal) Laboratory Findings D-dimer [Abnormal vs. Normal] Odds ratio: 4.810 (1.470-15.690) Zheng
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